我国南北不同地域自备水源水质指标及微生物群落结构特征比较

目的 比较我国南北不同地域自备水源的水质指标及微生物群落结构特征,评价其安全性。方法 本研究对我国南北5省边远散地域(北京郊区、黑龙江边境地域、内蒙古偏远地域、广西边境地域和云南边境地域)的317个自备水源进行采样,对浑浊度、总硬度和pH等水质指标进行分析,以高通量测序法对水样的微生物群落结构进行解析。结果 不同地域自备水源的水质和微生物群落结构存在较大的差异性,内蒙古偏远地域的阴离子指标最大值超标严重,在内蒙古-东和内蒙古-西两组水样中SO₄^2-最大浓度值分别为543.12和666.33 mg/L, Cl^-与NO₃^-也存在超标情况。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是5省自备水源水样的第一优势菌门,其相对丰度为56.87%-99.38%。具有一定致病性的短波单胞菌(Brevundimonas)在各个样品中广泛分布(1.50%-27.27%)。反硝化过程的典型菌株假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)存在于北京、黑龙江和内蒙古水样中(2.96%-38.41%),广西和云南并未检出。北京、黑龙江和内蒙古水样中各种功能表达基因的数量远高于广西和云南水样。结论 我国南北5省自备水源在水质和微生物群落特征方面均存在差异;较之南方自备水源,北方自备水源普遍受到了人类活动的影响。     

橄榄苦苷改善db/db小鼠糖尿病的肝脏转录组学及生物信息学分析

通过转录组学及其生物信息学分析,研究了橄榄苦苷缓解db/db小鼠糖尿病的肝脏差异表达基因及相关信号通路。结果发现与db/db对照组相比,橄榄苦苷处理组的539 个基因发生显著变化,其中450 个基因显著上调,89 个基因显著下调。将上调和下调的差异表达基因在基因本体论数据库中注释,这些差异表达基因主要在细胞过程、细胞部分和结合中分布。京都基因与基因组百科全书通路富集分析结果显示上调的差异表达基因主要富集在磷酸肌醇3-激酶-蛋白激酶B信号通路途径,该通路共涉及27 个差异表达基因;下调的差异表达基因主要富集在花生四烯酸代谢和真核生物中核糖体的生物发生信号通路途径,分别涉及4 个差异表达基因。本研究为进一步阐明橄榄苦苷缓解2型糖尿病的分子机制奠定了基础。     

山药食醋的开发与研制

在食醋的生产过程中添加山药作为辅料，研制出一种营养丰富、风味独特的保健醋。简述了其生产工艺、操作要点、产品质量。产品具有浓郁的山药风味及酿造食醋香气，为我国农副产品的深加工开辟一条新的途径。     

低磁场冷冻对鲢鱼肌原纤维蛋白的作用

采用2mT低磁场（low magnetic field,LMF）冷冻、0mT磁场（no magnetic field,NMF）冷冻和常规冷冻（conventional freezing,CF）技术对3 组鲢鱼肌原纤维蛋白进行为期28 d的冷冻实验。通过表面疏水性、巯基含量、溶解度、浊度、热稳定性、傅里叶变换红外光谱、内源性荧光光谱和紫外吸收光谱各项指标考察蛋白的结构和功能性质变化。结果表明：施加低磁场冷冻可以抑制蛋白聚集和内部疏水基团的暴露,且能抑制α-螺旋的展开,减弱α-螺旋向β-折叠转变的能力,并维持良好的二、三级结构稳定性;CF组的蛋白总巯基含量、溶解度和浊度与NMF组相比无显著差异,由于冷冻温度较低,对蛋白聚集和内部疏水基团的暴露有一定的抑制作用,同时也使得蛋白结构变得松散不稳定;与CF组相比,LMF组同样显示出对蛋白的结构和功能有较好的保护和改善作用。总体来说,低磁场冷冻可以抑制肌原纤维蛋白变性并维持良好的结构和功能,且与常规冷冻（－30 ℃）相比,低磁场冷冻（－20 ℃、2 mT）可以节约10 ℃的冷冻温差,预测其具有一定的节能潜力。     

电生功能水用于提高鲜切马铃薯产品品质的试验研究

对电生功能水杀灭鲜切马铃薯表面微生物以及抑制马铃薯切片氧化褐变的效果进行了研究。用电生功能水及自来水分别处理经过大肠杆菌O78，金黄色葡萄球菌26003，枯草芽胞杆菌1．1849三种微生物接种的马铃薯切片，对处理后其微生物指标进行了观察。试验发现采用普通自来水浸泡清洗并不能有效的降低样品的微生物指标，而用指标为pH2．5、ORP1180mV、ACC35mg／L的电生功能水处理鲜切果蔬产品，可以明显的降低附着于产品上的各类微生物。通过考察电生功能水浸泡处理对马铃薯切片表面色泽的影响，确认了电生功能水抑制其氧化褐变的效果，实验证明，电生功能水具有与常用褐变抑制剂L-半胱氨酸 柠檬酸等同的抗褐变效果。对提取到的马铃薯多酚氧化酶进行酶活钝化实验发现，电生功能水可以使马铃薯PPO活性降低50％以上，与L-半胱氨酸 柠檬酸对马铃薯PPO活性的抑制能力相当，说明电生功能水能有效的钝化果蔬组织中多酚氧化酶的活性而抑制果蔬切片氧化褐变的发生。试验结果证明：电生功能水处理可以有效杀灭附着于鲜切马铃薯表面的各种微生物，并可以较好的抑制鲜切马铃薯氧化褐变的发生，增加了产品的食用安全性，提高了产品的品质。     

Study of the antioxidant properties of extracts obtained from nopal cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) cladodes after convective drying

BACKGROUND: The process of convective drying was evaluated in terms of the bioactive compounds contained in nopal samples before and after dehydration. Total polyphenol, flavonoid, flavonol, carotene and ascorbic acid contents were determined in undehydrated and dehydrated samples. Two drying temperatures (45 and 65 °C) and two air flow rates (3 and 5 m s^?1) were evaluated. The rheology of samples under the best drying conditions was also studied, since it provides important information regarding processing (mixing, flow processing) as well as the sensory attributes (texture) of rehydrated samples. RESULTS: Non‐Newtonian shear‐thinning behaviour was observed for samples dried at 45 °C, while samples dried at 65 °C showed shear‐thickening behaviour, possibly caused by thermal chain scission of high‐molecular‐weight components. CONCLUSION: The best conditions for bioactive compound preservation were a drying temperature of 45 °C and an air flow rate of 3 m s^?1, resulting in 40.97 g phenols, 23.41 g flavonoids, 0.543 g β‐carotene and 0.2815 g ascorbic acid kg^?1 sample as shown in table 3. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同酶水解提取米蛋白的功能特性研究

以木瓜蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶水解法提取的米蛋白为试验材料,测定了其功能特性,包括保水性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、起泡性与泡沫稳定性、蛋白凝胶形成性、米蛋白吸油性,并对两种酶水解提取的米蛋白的功能特性进行了比较。结果发现,两种酶水解提取的米蛋白的乳化性、起泡性及起泡稳定性之间的差异较大;而保水性、乳化稳定性、吸油性之间的差异趋于平缓。     

Physicochemical,functional and structural characterization of fibre from defatted Rosa rubiginosa and Gevuina avellana seeds

The composition, functional properties and structural features of the fiber from Rosa rubiginosa defatted seeds and from Gevuina avellana defatted and partially deproteinized seeds were evaluated. The effect of phosphate salts and temperature during the extraction of fibres and the influence of two drying technologies on the distribution of soluble and insoluble dietary fibre were assessed. The extraction of protein and monosaccharides was favoured by increasing temperature in the range studied. Water and oil absorption capacities higher than 10 g g^?1 were observed for soluble and insoluble fibres from Gevuina avellana and for the soluble ones from Rosa rubiginosa. The insoluble fibre product from Rosa and Gevuina contained 650–810 g kg^?1 and 390–440 g kg^?1 neutral detergent fibre respectively. The protein content in the insoluble fibre varied in the range 100–150 g kg^?1 and 120–260 g kg^?1 and in the soluble fibre between 200–550 g kg^?1 and 180–370 g kg^?1 for Rosa and Gevuina respectively. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis): Chemical compositions,physicochemical properties,health benefits,and food applications

Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis), also called red bean, is a legume of Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family. This crop is native to East Asia and is also commercially available in other parts of the world. It is becoming a research focus owing to its distinct nutritional properties (e.g., abundant in polyphenols). The diverse health benefits and multiple utilization of this pulse are associated with its unique composition. However, there is a paucity of reviews focusing on the nutritional properties and potent applications of adzuki beans. This review summarizes the chemical compositions, physicochemical properties, health benefits, processing, and applications of adzuki beans. Suggestions on how to better utilize the adzuki bean are also provided to facilitate its development as a functional grain. Adzuki bean and its components can be further developed into value-added and nutritionally enhanced products.     

抗糖尿病功能因子及其作用机理研究进展

就近年来国内外有关天然资源防治糖尿病的功能因子及其降糖作用的机理进行了概述,并指出研发功能食品在预防糖尿病的发生及延缓并发症的发展方面有着广阔的应用前景。